{"id":1608,"date":"2021-09-17T09:46:50","date_gmt":"2021-09-17T09:46:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/govorimoorakupluca.com\/dijagnoza\/"},"modified":"2021-10-29T10:28:17","modified_gmt":"2021-10-29T10:28:17","slug":"dijagnoza","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/dijagnoza\/","title":{"rendered":"Diagnosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1608\" data-post-id=\"1608\" data-obj-id=\"1608\" class=\"elementor elementor-1608 dce-elementor-post-1608 elementor-71\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab6dd78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab6dd78\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b966d1\" data-id=\"2b966d1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e80b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"5e80b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"simptomi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a65c53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a65c53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Koji su simptomi raka plu\u0107a? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-302c4e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"302c4e0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ccd914\" data-id=\"8ccd914\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1685e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a1685e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/poliklinika-analiza.hr\/prvi-simptomi-karcinoma-pluca\/\">Simptomi raka plu\u0107a<\/a> su razli\u010diti i ovise o tome gdje je tumor smje\u0161ten odnosno kuda se pro\u0161irio. Upozoravaju\u0107i znakovi raka plu\u0107a nisu uvijek prisutni, nisu uvijek specifi\u010dni i nije ih uvijek lako identificirati.<\/p>\n<p>U do 25% bolesnika s rakom plu\u0107a rak se otkrije slu\u010dajno na RTG snimci plu\u0107a ili CT (kompjutoriziranoj tomografiji) u\u010dinjenoj zbog nekog drugog razloga (prije planirane operacije ili sli\u010dno). Takvi bolesnici \u010desto ne navode nikakve simptome niti znakove bolesti.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adece01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"adece01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rast raka plu\u0107a i invazija tumora u plu\u0107ni parenhim i okolno tkivo mo\u017ee ometati disanje, \u0161to dovodi do respiratornih simptoma kao \u0161to su ka\u0161alj, ote\u017eano disanje, bol u prsima, iska\u0161ljavanje krvi (hemoptize). Ako je rak zahvatio \u017eivac mo\u017ee, na primjer, uzrokovati bol u ramenu koja se \u0161iru niz ruku (tzv. Pancostov sindrom) ili mo\u017ee uzrokovati paralizu glasnice \u0161to dovodi do promuklosti. Zahva\u0107enost jednjaka mo\u017ee uzrokovati pote\u0161ko\u0107e pri gutanju (disfagija). Ako su tumorom za\u010depljeni veliki di\u0161ni putovi mo\u017ee do\u0107i do kolapsa dijela plu\u0107a iza prepreke koja ometa protok zraka i posljedi\u010dne infekcije (apscesi, upala plu\u0107a).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d105b3\" data-id=\"5d105b3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e092de5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e092de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/morning-sickness-young-pregnant-woman-sitting-bed-covering-her-mouth-feeling-nauseous-during-pregnancy-woman-white-pajamas-suffering-from-acid-reflux-while-wake-up-her-bed-morning-Medium-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1492\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/morning-sickness-young-pregnant-woman-sitting-bed-covering-her-mouth-feeling-nauseous-during-pregnancy-woman-white-pajamas-suffering-from-acid-reflux-while-wake-up-her-bed-morning-Medium-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/morning-sickness-young-pregnant-woman-sitting-bed-covering-her-mouth-feeling-nauseous-during-pregnancy-woman-white-pajamas-suffering-from-acid-reflux-while-wake-up-her-bed-morning-Medium-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/morning-sickness-young-pregnant-woman-sitting-bed-covering-her-mouth-feeling-nauseous-during-pregnancy-woman-white-pajamas-suffering-from-acid-reflux-while-wake-up-her-bed-morning-Medium-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/morning-sickness-young-pregnant-woman-sitting-bed-covering-her-mouth-feeling-nauseous-during-pregnancy-woman-white-pajamas-suffering-from-acid-reflux-while-wake-up-her-bed-morning-Medium.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c18ade1 elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c18ade1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f1b1ea\" data-id=\"3f1b1ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f473fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f473fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/anxious-woman-calling-911-emergency-line-because-her-elderly-Medium-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1493\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/anxious-woman-calling-911-emergency-line-because-her-elderly-Medium-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/anxious-woman-calling-911-emergency-line-because-her-elderly-Medium-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/anxious-woman-calling-911-emergency-line-because-her-elderly-Medium-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/anxious-woman-calling-911-emergency-line-because-her-elderly-Medium.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63d31ca\" data-id=\"63d31ca\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2adf8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2adf8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ako se rak plu\u0107a pro\u0161irio na kosti mo\u017ee uzrokovati jaku bol na zahva\u0107enim mjestima. Rak koji se pro\u0161irio na mozak mo\u017ee prouzro\u010diti neurolo\u0161ke simptome (smetnje vida, glavobolje, epilepti\u010dke napadaje, ili pak simptome mo\u017edanog udara, kao \u0161to su slabost i gubitak osjeta u pojedinim dijelovima tijela).<\/p>\n<p>Rak plu\u0107a mo\u017ee biti popra\u0107en i razli\u010ditim simptomima koje uzrokuju hormonima sli\u010dne tvari koje proizvode tumorske stanice a takove simptome nazivamo paraneoplasti\u010dki. Paraneoplasti\u010dki sindrom naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e se vidi kod SCLC, ali je mogu\u0107 i kod drugih oblika raka plu\u0107a. \u010ce\u0161\u0107i paraneoplasti\u010dki sindrom kod NSCLC je proizvodnja tvari sli\u010dne paratiroidnom hormonu \u0161to rezultira povi\u0161enom razinom kalcija u krvi.<\/p>\n<p>Kod svih oblika raka (pa tako i kod bolesnika s rakom plu\u0107a) se mogu pojaviti i potpuno nespecifi\u010dni simptomi koji uklju\u010duju gubitak te\u017eine, slabost i umor. Psiholo\u0161ki simptomi (depresija i promjene raspolo\u017eenja) su tako\u0111er uobi\u010dajeni.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57b50f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"57b50f1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06b4b0d\" data-id=\"06b4b0d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a07cf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a07cf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kada konzultirati lije\u010dnika?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4bd8776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4bd8776\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c4c0a\" data-id=\"48c4c0a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2551e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2551e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obvezno treba konzultirati lije\u010dnika kada se razviju simptomi mogu\u0107e povezani s rakom plu\u0107a, primjerice: novonastali uporni ka\u0161alj ili pogor\u0161anje kroni\u010dnog ka\u0161lja, krv u iska\u0161ljaju, uporni bronhitis ili ponavljanje respiratornih infekcija, bol u prsima, neobja\u0161njen gubitak te\u017eine i \/ ili ja\u010de izra\u017een umor, pote\u0161ko\u0107e s disanjem.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ed32d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ed32d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kako se dijagnosticira rak plu\u0107a? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2f069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e2f069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lije\u010dnici koriste \u0161irok spektar dijagnosti\u010dkih postupaka i testova u dijagnosticiranju raka plu\u0107a. <\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d6614b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d6614b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f6882d\" data-id=\"1f6882d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cee3237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"cee3237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Anamneza<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\"><p>Anamneza uklju\u010duje i osobnu i obiteljsku anamnezu te otkriva prisutnost \u010dimbenika rizika za nastanak raka plu\u0107a (npr. pu\u0161enje). Fizikalni pregled (uklju\u010duju\u0107i palpaciju dojki, digitorektalni pregled, palpaciju\u00a0 limfnih \u010dvorova, testisa, \u0161titne \u017elijezde te vrlo temeljit pregled ko\u017ee cijelog tijela) mo\u017ee otkriti simptome ili znakove kao \u0161to su pote\u0161ko\u0107e s disanjem, simptomi opstrukcije di\u0161nih putova ili infekcije u plu\u0107ima. Cijanoza, plavkasta boja ko\u017ee i sluznica zbog nedostatka kisika u krvi, sugerira kompromitiranu funkciju plu\u0107a zbog kroni\u010dne bolesti plu\u0107a. Isto tako, promjene u tkivu le\u017ei\u0161ta noktiju tako\u0111er mogu ukazivati na kroni\u010dnu bolest plu\u0107a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Rendgenska snimka<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\"><p>Rendgenska snimka plu\u0107a je naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i prvi dijagnosti\u010dki korak ukoliko postoji sumnja na rak plu\u0107a. Snimaju se dvije snimke: sprijeda &#8211; straga i jedna snimka iz profila. Kod RTG snimke plu\u0107a pacijent dobije vrlo malu dozu zra\u010denja. RTG snimka mo\u017ee otkriti sumnjivo podru\u010dje plu\u0107a, ali ne mo\u017ee utvrditi je li to zlo\u0107udne prirode. Primjerice, kalcificirani \u010dvorovi u plu\u0107ima ili benigni tumori koji se nazivaju hamartomi mogu se vidjeti na RTG snimci i ponekad sli\u010diti na rak. Na radiogramu plu\u0107a \u010desto mo\u017eemo izmjeriti okvirnu veli\u010dinu tumora plu\u0107a, identificirati pove\u0107ane limfne \u010dvorove u sredoprsju a \u010desto nalazimo i indirektne nespecifi\u010dne znakove povezane s prisutstvom tumora (prisutnu slobodnu teku\u0107inu u prsi\u0161tu i sl.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">CT<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\"><p>Nakon inicijalne detekcije promjene suspektne na zlo\u0107udni tumor na konvencionalnom radiogramu toraksa preporu\u010da se snimanje CT-om (kompjuterizirana tomografija) koje omogu\u0107uje odli\u010dnu vizualizaciju prsnog ko\u0161a, trbuh i\/ili mozga i dobivanje vi\u0161e informacija o opsegu ili lokalizaciji tumora kao i stupnju intratorakalne invazije tumora. CT abdomena ili trbuha mo\u017ee identificirati metastatski rak primjerice u jetri ili nadbubre\u017enom \u017elijezdama, a CT glave otkriva prisutnost i opseg metastaza u mozgu. CT tako\u0111er koristi ioniziraju\u0107e zra\u010denje, ali uz pomo\u0107 ra\u010dunala kombinira vi\u0161e slika i tako generira presjek ljudskog tijela. Ure\u0111aj u obliku prstena kru\u017ei oko tijela i pod razli\u010ditim kutovima bilje\u017ei snimke tijela te je osjetljiviji od standardnih RTG snimaka plu\u0107a. Ponekad se tijekom snimanja daje intravenozno kontrastno sredstvo radi jo\u0161 preciznijeg prikaza smje\u0161taja i strukture organa. CT izla\u017ee bolesnika ve\u0107em zra\u010denju nego RTG snimka plu\u0107a. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107a nuspojava je reakcija na intravenozno kontrastno sredstvo. Obi\u010dno se javljaju svrbe\u017e i osip koji obi\u010dno nestaju brzo. Te\u0161ke anafilakti\u010dke reakcije (po \u017eivot opasne alergijske reakcije s ote\u017eanim disanjem) na kontrast su vrlo rijetke.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Magnetska rezonancija (MR)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\"><p>Magnetska rezonancija (MR) mo\u017ee biti prikladna u slu\u010dajevima kada \u017eelimo precizno lokalizirati tumor odre\u0111enih karakteristika i smje\u0161taja. MR tehnika koristi magnetizam, radio valove i ra\u010dunalo za proizvodnju slike tjelesnih struktura. Kao i kod CT skeniranja, pacijent je smje\u0161ten na pokretni krevet koji je umetnut u MR skener. Nema poznatih nuspojava MR skeniranja i nema izlo\u017eenosti zra\u010denju. Snimke nastale MR su detaljne i mogu otkriti male promjene strukture unutar tijela. Osobe sa sr\u010danim pacemakerom, metalnim implantatima, umjetnom sr\u010danim zaliscima i nekim kirur\u0161ki ugra\u0111enim metalnim strukturama ne mogu biti skenirane zbog rizika da magnet pokrene metalne dijelove tih struktura i o\u0161teti tkiva. MR je najzna\u010dajnija u otkrivanju metastaza mozga i le\u0111ne mo\u017edine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Pozitronska emisijska tomografija (PET)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\"><p>Pozitronska emisijska tomografija (PET) je specijalna tehnika koja koristi kratko\u017eivu\u0107e radioaktivne tvari za proizvodnju trodimenzionalne slike u boji tkiva u tijelu. Dok CT i MR daju informaciju o anatomiji i izgledu tkiva, PET skenira metaboli\u010dku aktivnost i funkciju tkiva. Tumorske stanice imaju intenzivniji metabolizam od normalne stanice \u0161to se na PET-u detektira kao pove\u0107ano kori\u0161tenje radioaktivno obilje\u017eene glukoze. Na taj na\u010din PET mo\u017ee utvrditi da li tumorsko tkivo aktivno raste ali i procijeniti odgovor na terapiju. Kod PET skeniranja, pacijent dobiva radioaktivni farmak od kojeg prima zra\u010denja otprilike koliko i dvije obi\u010dne RTG snimke prsnog ko\u0161a. Radioaktivna tvar se akumulira u odre\u0111enim tkivima vi\u0161e nego u drugima, ovisno o vrsti tvari koja se ubrizgava. Iz doti\u010dnog tkiva se ispu\u0161ta \u010destica poznata kao pozitron. Kad pozitron susretne elektron unutar tijela dolazi do reakcije i proizvodnje gama zrake. Skener evidentira te gama zrake na podru\u010dju gdje je radioaktivna supstanca nakupljena. Na primjer, kombinacija glukoze (zajedni\u010dki izvor energije u tijelu) s radioaktivnom tvari dovest \u0107e do poja\u010danog nakupljanja tog kompleksa na mjestima gdje se ona najbr\u017ee tro\u0161i. A takvo mjesto je i tumor. PET skeniranje mo\u017ee biti integrirano s CT skeniranjem u tehnici poznatoj kao PET-CT skeniranje. Integrirani PET-CT je pokazao ve\u0107u to\u010dnost nego PET sken s\u00e2m. Indikacije za pretragu odre\u0111uje specijalist onkolog tijekom postupka postavljanja dijagnoze i odre\u0111ivanja stadija pro\u0161irenosti bolesti. PET i PET-CT se ne preporu\u010daju kao dio rutinskog pra\u0107enja asimptomatskih bolesnika, koji su zavr\u0161ili kurativno lije\u010denje.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Scintigrafija kosti (sken kosti)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\"><p>Scintigrafija kosti (sken kosti) koristi se u onkolo\u0161kih bolesnika kako bi se utvrdilo da li je rak metastazirao na kosti. Kod scintigrafije kostiju, mala koli\u010dinu radioaktivnog materijala se ubrizgava u krvotok i nakuplja u kostima, radioaktivni materijal se potom detektira skenerom a slika kosti se snima na poseban film za trajnu pohranu. Metastatske promjene se detektiraju kao podru\u010dja asimetri\u010dnog poja\u010danog nakupljanja radiofarmaka. Va\u017eno je znati razlikovati podru\u010dja prijeloma i degenerativnih promjena na kostima koje mogu dovesti do interpretacije la\u017eno pozitivnih rezultata.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2167\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2167\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Citologija sputuma ili iska\u0161ljaja<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2167\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2167\"><p>Citologija sputuma ili iska\u0161ljaja: Dijagnoza raka plu\u0107a uvijek zahtijeva potvrdu malignih stanica od strane citologa ili patologa, \u010dak i kada su simptomi i sve pretrage jasno ukazale da se radi o raku plu\u0107a. Najjednostavniji na\u010din da se utvrdi dijagnoza je ispitivanje sputuma pod mikroskopom. Ako je tumor smje\u0161ten centralno i nalazi se u di\u0161nim putovima, ovaj postupak, poznat kao citolo\u0161ki pregled iska\u0161ljaja, mo\u017ee omogu\u0107iti vizualizaciju tumorskih stanica za dijagnozu. To je jeftin postupak bez rizika, ali je njegova vrijednost ograni\u010dena budu\u0107i da tumorske stanice \u010desto nisu prisutne u iska\u0161ljaju, \u010dak i ako je rak prisutan. Tako\u0111er, ne-tumorske stanice povremeno mogu pro\u0107i promjene u reakciji na upale ili ozljede zbog \u010dega ponekad izgledaju kao stanice raka.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2168\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2168\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronhoskopija<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2168\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2168\"><p>Bronhoskopija: Ispitivanje di\u0161nih putova bronhoskopom (vizualizacija di\u0161nih putova kroz tanku opti\u010dku sondu kojom se prolazi kroz nos ili usta) mo\u017ee otkriti podru\u010dje tumora te se mo\u017ee uzeti uzorak za dijagnozu (citolo\u0161ka i\/ili patohistolo\u0161ka analiza). Ponekad se tijekom bronhoskopske pretrage istodobno koristi i ultrazvu\u010dna pretraga kojom se dodatno pobolj\u0161ava preciznost kod uzimanja materijala za analizu. Tumor u sredi\u0161njem podru\u010dju plu\u0107a ili koji proizlazi iz ve\u0107ih di\u0161nih putova je dostupan uzorkovanju ovom tehnikom. Bronhoskopija se mo\u017ee obavljati pomo\u0107u krutog ili fleksibilnog bronhoskopa i mo\u017ee se obavljati ambulantno. U nekim slu\u010dajevima postupak mo\u017ee biti slo\u017eeniji te zahtijevati sedaciju ili anesteziju pa se bronhoskopija tada provodi u operacijskoj sali, o \u010demu \u0107e odlu\u010diti lije\u010dnik. Iako je bronhoskopija relativno sigurna i rutinska metoda, mora ju obavljati posebno educirani specijalist. Neki pacijenti mogu iska\u0161ljavati tamno-sme\u0111u krv jedan do dva dana nakon zahvata. Mogu\u0107a ozbiljnija, ali rijetka komplikacija uklju\u010duje ve\u0107u koli\u010dinu krvarenja, smanjenje razina kisika u krvi, te aritmije srca, a mogu\u0107e su i komplikacije od primjene sedativa i anestezije.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2169\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2169\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Iglena biopsija<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2169\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2169\"><p>Iglena biopsija: Aspiracija sadr\u017eaja tankom iglom (FNA) kroz ko\u017eu, naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e se izvodi pod kontrolom rendgena ili CT-a. Mo\u017ee biti potrebna kod uzimanja uzorka tumorskih stanice za dijagnozu, osobito kod periferno smje\u0161tenih tumora u plu\u0107ima koji nisu dostupni bronhoskopu. Mala koli\u010dina anestetika daje se prije uboda tankom iglom kroz prsni ko\u0161. Stanice se usisaju u \u0161pricu te potom ispituju pod mikroskopom. Ovaj postupak je obi\u010dno uspje\u0161an kada je zahva\u0107eno podru\u010dje adekvatno odabrano. Ovaj postupak prati mali rizik od ulaska zraka u plu\u0107a i razvoja pneumotoraksa (3 do 5%).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-21610\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-21610\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Torakocenteza<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-21610\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-21610\"><p>Torakocenteza: Ponekad rak plu\u0107a zahva\u0107a i tanku ovojnicu oko plu\u0107a (pleuru) i dovodi do nakupljanja teku\u0107ine u prostoru izme\u0111u plu\u0107a i grudnog ko\u0161a \u0161to se zove pleuralni izljev. Uzimanje uzorka ove teku\u0107ine s tankom iglom (torakocenteza) mo\u017ee otkriti stanice karcinoma. Kao i kod iglene aspiracijske biopsije, postoji malen rizik od pneumotoraksa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-21611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-21611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Kirur\u0161ki zahvati<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-21611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-21611\"><p>Kirur\u0161ki zahvati: Ako nijedna od spomenutih metoda nije dovela do dijagnoze, do tumorskog tkiva mora se do\u0107i kirur\u0161kom biopsijom. To mo\u017ee uklju\u010divati medijastinoskopiju (ispitivanje prsnog ko\u0161a izme\u0111u plu\u0107a, sredoprsja, kroz kirur\u0161ki umetnutu sondu za biopsiju) ili torakotomije (kirur\u0161ko otvaranje prsnog ko\u0161a radi uklanjanja ili biopsije tumora). Oba postupka nose rizik velikih kirur\u0161kih zahvata (komplikacije kao \u0161to su krvarenje, infekcija i rizici povezani s anestezijom i lijekovima). Ovi postupci se izvode u operacijskoj sali, a pacijent mora biti hospitaliziran.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-21612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-21612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Krvni testovi<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-21612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-21612\"><p>Krvni testovi: Iako rutinski krvni testovi sami ne mogu dijagnosticirati rak plu\u0107a, oni mogu otkriti biokemijske ili metaboli\u010dke abnormalnosti u tijelu koji ponekad prate rak. Laboratorijski parametri pokazuju kakva je funkcija primjerice ko\u0161tane sr\u017ei, jetre ili bubrega. Na primjer, povi\u0161ena razina kalcija ili enzima alkalne fosfataze mo\u017ee postojati ukoliko je karcinom metastazirao u kosti. Isto tako, povi\u0161ene razine odre\u0111enih enzima normalno prisutnih unutar jetrenih stanica, uklju\u010duju\u0107i aspartat aminotransferaze (AST) i alanin aminotransferaze (ALT), signaliziraju o\u0161te\u0107enje jetre pa mogu postaviti sumnju na prisutnost metastaza u jetri. Povi\u0161ene vrijednosti nekih proteina, ili biomarkera, koji se nalaze u krvi mogu biti upozorenje da je rak prisutan kod osoba sa sumnjivim nalazom na RTG-u plu\u0107a ili nalazu drugih slikovnih metoda pregleda plu\u0107a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Anamneza\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Anamneza uklju\\u010duje i osobnu i obiteljsku anamnezu te otkriva prisutnost \\u010dimbenika rizika za nastanak raka plu\\u0107a (npr. pu\\u0161enje). Fizikalni pregled (uklju\\u010duju\\u0107i palpaciju dojki, digitorektalni pregled, palpaciju\\u00a0 limfnih \\u010dvorova, testisa, \\u0161titne \\u017elijezde te vrlo temeljit pregled ko\\u017ee cijelog tijela) mo\\u017ee otkriti simptome ili znakove kao \\u0161to su pote\\u0161ko\\u0107e s disanjem, simptomi opstrukcije di\\u0161nih putova ili infekcije u plu\\u0107ima. Cijanoza, plavkasta boja ko\\u017ee i sluznica zbog nedostatka kisika u krvi, sugerira kompromitiranu funkciju plu\\u0107a zbog kroni\\u010dne bolesti plu\\u0107a. Isto tako, promjene u tkivu le\\u017ei\\u0161ta noktiju tako\\u0111er mogu ukazivati na kroni\\u010dnu bolest plu\\u0107a.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Rendgenska snimka\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Rendgenska snimka plu\\u0107a je naj\\u010de\\u0161\\u0107i prvi dijagnosti\\u010dki korak ukoliko postoji sumnja na rak plu\\u0107a. Snimaju se dvije snimke: sprijeda &#8211; straga i jedna snimka iz profila. Kod RTG snimke plu\\u0107a pacijent dobije vrlo malu dozu zra\\u010denja. RTG snimka mo\\u017ee otkriti sumnjivo podru\\u010dje plu\\u0107a, ali ne mo\\u017ee utvrditi je li to zlo\\u0107udne prirode. Primjerice, kalcificirani \\u010dvorovi u plu\\u0107ima ili benigni tumori koji se nazivaju hamartomi mogu se vidjeti na RTG snimci i ponekad sli\\u010diti na rak. Na radiogramu plu\\u0107a \\u010desto mo\\u017eemo izmjeriti okvirnu veli\\u010dinu tumora plu\\u0107a, identificirati pove\\u0107ane limfne \\u010dvorove u sredoprsju a \\u010desto nalazimo i indirektne nespecifi\\u010dne znakove povezane s prisutstvom tumora (prisutnu slobodnu teku\\u0107inu u prsi\\u0161tu i sl.).<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"CT\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Nakon inicijalne detekcije promjene suspektne na zlo\\u0107udni tumor na konvencionalnom radiogramu toraksa preporu\\u010da se snimanje CT-om (kompjuterizirana tomografija) koje omogu\\u0107uje odli\\u010dnu vizualizaciju prsnog ko\\u0161a, trbuh i\\\/ili mozga i dobivanje vi\\u0161e informacija o opsegu ili lokalizaciji tumora kao i stupnju intratorakalne invazije tumora. CT abdomena ili trbuha mo\\u017ee identificirati metastatski rak primjerice u jetri ili nadbubre\\u017enom \\u017elijezdama, a CT glave otkriva prisutnost i opseg metastaza u mozgu. CT tako\\u0111er koristi ioniziraju\\u0107e zra\\u010denje, ali uz pomo\\u0107 ra\\u010dunala kombinira vi\\u0161e slika i tako generira presjek ljudskog tijela. Ure\\u0111aj u obliku prstena kru\\u017ei oko tijela i pod razli\\u010ditim kutovima bilje\\u017ei snimke tijela te je osjetljiviji od standardnih RTG snimaka plu\\u0107a. Ponekad se tijekom snimanja daje intravenozno kontrastno sredstvo radi jo\\u0161 preciznijeg prikaza smje\\u0161taja i strukture organa. CT izla\\u017ee bolesnika ve\\u0107em zra\\u010denju nego RTG snimka plu\\u0107a. Naj\\u010de\\u0161\\u0107a nuspojava je reakcija na intravenozno kontrastno sredstvo. Obi\\u010dno se javljaju svrbe\\u017e i osip koji obi\\u010dno nestaju brzo. Te\\u0161ke anafilakti\\u010dke reakcije (po \\u017eivot opasne alergijske reakcije s ote\\u017eanim disanjem) na kontrast su vrlo rijetke.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Magnetska rezonancija (MR)\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Magnetska rezonancija (MR) mo\\u017ee biti prikladna u slu\\u010dajevima kada \\u017eelimo precizno lokalizirati tumor odre\\u0111enih karakteristika i smje\\u0161taja. MR tehnika koristi magnetizam, radio valove i ra\\u010dunalo za proizvodnju slike tjelesnih struktura. Kao i kod CT skeniranja, pacijent je smje\\u0161ten na pokretni krevet koji je umetnut u MR skener. Nema poznatih nuspojava MR skeniranja i nema izlo\\u017eenosti zra\\u010denju. Snimke nastale MR su detaljne i mogu otkriti male promjene strukture unutar tijela. Osobe sa sr\\u010danim pacemakerom, metalnim implantatima, umjetnom sr\\u010danim zaliscima i nekim kirur\\u0161ki ugra\\u0111enim metalnim strukturama ne mogu biti skenirane zbog rizika da magnet pokrene metalne dijelove tih struktura i o\\u0161teti tkiva. MR je najzna\\u010dajnija u otkrivanju metastaza mozga i le\\u0111ne mo\\u017edine.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Pozitronska emisijska tomografija (PET)\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Pozitronska emisijska tomografija (PET) je specijalna tehnika koja koristi kratko\\u017eivu\\u0107e radioaktivne tvari za proizvodnju trodimenzionalne slike u boji tkiva u tijelu. Dok CT i MR daju informaciju o anatomiji i izgledu tkiva, PET skenira metaboli\\u010dku aktivnost i funkciju tkiva. Tumorske stanice imaju intenzivniji metabolizam od normalne stanice \\u0161to se na PET-u detektira kao pove\\u0107ano kori\\u0161tenje radioaktivno obilje\\u017eene glukoze. Na taj na\\u010din PET mo\\u017ee utvrditi da li tumorsko tkivo aktivno raste ali i procijeniti odgovor na terapiju. Kod PET skeniranja, pacijent dobiva radioaktivni farmak od kojeg prima zra\\u010denja otprilike koliko i dvije obi\\u010dne RTG snimke prsnog ko\\u0161a. Radioaktivna tvar se akumulira u odre\\u0111enim tkivima vi\\u0161e nego u drugima, ovisno o vrsti tvari koja se ubrizgava. Iz doti\\u010dnog tkiva se ispu\\u0161ta \\u010destica poznata kao pozitron. Kad pozitron susretne elektron unutar tijela dolazi do reakcije i proizvodnje gama zrake. Skener evidentira te gama zrake na podru\\u010dju gdje je radioaktivna supstanca nakupljena. Na primjer, kombinacija glukoze (zajedni\\u010dki izvor energije u tijelu) s radioaktivnom tvari dovest \\u0107e do poja\\u010danog nakupljanja tog kompleksa na mjestima gdje se ona najbr\\u017ee tro\\u0161i. A takvo mjesto je i tumor. PET skeniranje mo\\u017ee biti integrirano s CT skeniranjem u tehnici poznatoj kao PET-CT skeniranje. Integrirani PET-CT je pokazao ve\\u0107u to\\u010dnost nego PET sken s\\u00e2m. Indikacije za pretragu odre\\u0111uje specijalist onkolog tijekom postupka postavljanja dijagnoze i odre\\u0111ivanja stadija pro\\u0161irenosti bolesti. PET i PET-CT se ne preporu\\u010daju kao dio rutinskog pra\\u0107enja asimptomatskih bolesnika, koji su zavr\\u0161ili kurativno lije\\u010denje.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Scintigrafija kosti (sken kosti)\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Scintigrafija kosti (sken kosti) koristi se u onkolo\\u0161kih bolesnika kako bi se utvrdilo da li je rak metastazirao na kosti. Kod scintigrafije kostiju, mala koli\\u010dinu radioaktivnog materijala se ubrizgava u krvotok i nakuplja u kostima, radioaktivni materijal se potom detektira skenerom a slika kosti se snima na poseban film za trajnu pohranu. Metastatske promjene se detektiraju kao podru\\u010dja asimetri\\u010dnog poja\\u010danog nakupljanja radiofarmaka. Va\\u017eno je znati razlikovati podru\\u010dja prijeloma i degenerativnih promjena na kostima koje mogu dovesti do interpretacije la\\u017eno pozitivnih rezultata.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Citologija sputuma ili iska\\u0161ljaja\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Citologija sputuma ili iska\\u0161ljaja: Dijagnoza raka plu\\u0107a uvijek zahtijeva potvrdu malignih stanica od strane citologa ili patologa, \\u010dak i kada su simptomi i sve pretrage jasno ukazale da se radi o raku plu\\u0107a. Najjednostavniji na\\u010din da se utvrdi dijagnoza je ispitivanje sputuma pod mikroskopom. Ako je tumor smje\\u0161ten centralno i nalazi se u di\\u0161nim putovima, ovaj postupak, poznat kao citolo\\u0161ki pregled iska\\u0161ljaja, mo\\u017ee omogu\\u0107iti vizualizaciju tumorskih stanica za dijagnozu. To je jeftin postupak bez rizika, ali je njegova vrijednost ograni\\u010dena budu\\u0107i da tumorske stanice \\u010desto nisu prisutne u iska\\u0161ljaju, \\u010dak i ako je rak prisutan. Tako\\u0111er, ne-tumorske stanice povremeno mogu pro\\u0107i promjene u reakciji na upale ili ozljede zbog \\u010dega ponekad izgledaju kao stanice raka.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Bronhoskopija\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Bronhoskopija: Ispitivanje di\\u0161nih putova bronhoskopom (vizualizacija di\\u0161nih putova kroz tanku opti\\u010dku sondu kojom se prolazi kroz nos ili usta) mo\\u017ee otkriti podru\\u010dje tumora te se mo\\u017ee uzeti uzorak za dijagnozu (citolo\\u0161ka i\\\/ili patohistolo\\u0161ka analiza). Ponekad se tijekom bronhoskopske pretrage istodobno koristi i ultrazvu\\u010dna pretraga kojom se dodatno pobolj\\u0161ava preciznost kod uzimanja materijala za analizu. Tumor u sredi\\u0161njem podru\\u010dju plu\\u0107a ili koji proizlazi iz ve\\u0107ih di\\u0161nih putova je dostupan uzorkovanju ovom tehnikom. Bronhoskopija se mo\\u017ee obavljati pomo\\u0107u krutog ili fleksibilnog bronhoskopa i mo\\u017ee se obavljati ambulantno. U nekim slu\\u010dajevima postupak mo\\u017ee biti slo\\u017eeniji te zahtijevati sedaciju ili anesteziju pa se bronhoskopija tada provodi u operacijskoj sali, o \\u010demu \\u0107e odlu\\u010diti lije\\u010dnik. Iako je bronhoskopija relativno sigurna i rutinska metoda, mora ju obavljati posebno educirani specijalist. Neki pacijenti mogu iska\\u0161ljavati tamno-sme\\u0111u krv jedan do dva dana nakon zahvata. Mogu\\u0107a ozbiljnija, ali rijetka komplikacija uklju\\u010duje ve\\u0107u koli\\u010dinu krvarenja, smanjenje razina kisika u krvi, te aritmije srca, a mogu\\u0107e su i komplikacije od primjene sedativa i anestezije.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Iglena biopsija\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Iglena biopsija: Aspiracija sadr\\u017eaja tankom iglom (FNA) kroz ko\\u017eu, naj\\u010de\\u0161\\u0107e se izvodi pod kontrolom rendgena ili CT-a. Mo\\u017ee biti potrebna kod uzimanja uzorka tumorskih stanice za dijagnozu, osobito kod periferno smje\\u0161tenih tumora u plu\\u0107ima koji nisu dostupni bronhoskopu. Mala koli\\u010dina anestetika daje se prije uboda tankom iglom kroz prsni ko\\u0161. Stanice se usisaju u \\u0161pricu te potom ispituju pod mikroskopom. Ovaj postupak je obi\\u010dno uspje\\u0161an kada je zahva\\u0107eno podru\\u010dje adekvatno odabrano. Ovaj postupak prati mali rizik od ulaska zraka u plu\\u0107a i razvoja pneumotoraksa (3 do 5%).<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Torakocenteza\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Torakocenteza: Ponekad rak plu\\u0107a zahva\\u0107a i tanku ovojnicu oko plu\\u0107a (pleuru) i dovodi do nakupljanja teku\\u0107ine u prostoru izme\\u0111u plu\\u0107a i grudnog ko\\u0161a \\u0161to se zove pleuralni izljev. Uzimanje uzorka ove teku\\u0107ine s tankom iglom (torakocenteza) mo\\u017ee otkriti stanice karcinoma. Kao i kod iglene aspiracijske biopsije, postoji malen rizik od pneumotoraksa.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kirur\\u0161ki zahvati\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Kirur\\u0161ki zahvati: Ako nijedna od spomenutih metoda nije dovela do dijagnoze, do tumorskog tkiva mora se do\\u0107i kirur\\u0161kom biopsijom. To mo\\u017ee uklju\\u010divati medijastinoskopiju (ispitivanje prsnog ko\\u0161a izme\\u0111u plu\\u0107a, sredoprsja, kroz kirur\\u0161ki umetnutu sondu za biopsiju) ili torakotomije (kirur\\u0161ko otvaranje prsnog ko\\u0161a radi uklanjanja ili biopsije tumora). Oba postupka nose rizik velikih kirur\\u0161kih zahvata (komplikacije kao \\u0161to su krvarenje, infekcija i rizici povezani s anestezijom i lijekovima). Ovi postupci se izvode u operacijskoj sali, a pacijent mora biti hospitaliziran.<\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Krvni testovi\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Krvni testovi: Iako rutinski krvni testovi sami ne mogu dijagnosticirati rak plu\\u0107a, oni mogu otkriti biokemijske ili metaboli\\u010dke abnormalnosti u tijelu koji ponekad prate rak. Laboratorijski parametri pokazuju kakva je funkcija primjerice ko\\u0161tane sr\\u017ei, jetre ili bubrega. Na primjer, povi\\u0161ena razina kalcija ili enzima alkalne fosfataze mo\\u017ee postojati ukoliko je karcinom metastazirao u kosti. Isto tako, povi\\u0161ene razine odre\\u0111enih enzima normalno prisutnih unutar jetrenih stanica, uklju\\u010duju\\u0107i aspartat aminotransferaze (AST) i alanin aminotransferaze (ALT), signaliziraju o\\u0161te\\u0107enje jetre pa mogu postaviti sumnju na prisutnost metastaza u jetri. Povi\\u0161ene vrijednosti nekih proteina, ili biomarkera, koji se nalaze u krvi mogu biti upozorenje da je rak prisutan kod osoba sa sumnjivim nalazom na RTG-u plu\\u0107a ili nalazu drugih slikovnih metoda pregleda plu\\u0107a.<\\\/p>\\n\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00088a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00088a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Prof.dr.sc. Sanja Ple\u0161tina<\/li>\n<li>Voditelj odjela za rijetek tumore plu\u0107a, Zavoda za tumore plu\u0107a i sredoprsja<br \/>\nKlinike za plu\u0107ne bolesti Jordanovac<\/li>\n<li>KBC-a Zagreb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a5b533 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"8a5b533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"stouciniti\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e5212c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e5212c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160to u\u010diniti kada saznate da vam je dijagnosticiran rak?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b43d83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4b43d83\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2243fad\" data-id=\"2243fad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cbdec9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cbdec9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rak je postao u\u010destala bolest; \u00a0\u010dak polovina mu\u0161karaca i tre\u0107ina \u017eena ima dijagnosticiran neki oblik raka tijekom \u017eivota, a napreci u medicini doveli su do pove\u0107anja \u0161anse za izlje\u010denje raka. Tako su danas neki oblici raka izlje\u010divi i u preko 90% slu\u010dajeva.<\/p>\n<p>No unato\u010d u\u010destalosti, spoznaja da vam je dijagnosticiran rak svakako nije ugodna i u tom trenutku \u0107e vam se \u010diniti da vam se cijeli svijet sru\u0161io. Ne postoji eufemizam za rak i ne treba ga poku\u0161avati predstaviti kao ne\u0161to benigno, a spoznaja da imate rak je vrlo te\u0161ka i trebat \u0107e vam vremena da ju obradite.<\/p>\n<p>No, ipak postoje savjeti koji vam mogu olak\u0161ati.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ab5bbe\" data-id=\"9ab5bbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5364c84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5364c84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/doctor-examining-chest-patient-Medium-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1495\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/doctor-examining-chest-patient-Medium-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/doctor-examining-chest-patient-Medium-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/doctor-examining-chest-patient-Medium-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/doctor-examining-chest-patient-Medium.jpg 1151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd2e01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd2e01\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a8166f\" data-id=\"2a8166f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc3622b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc3622b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Informirajte se<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9824f22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9824f22\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4781a91\" data-id=\"4781a91\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0489727 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0489727\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanja su pokazala da se pacijenti informirani o svojoj bolesti bolje nose s bole\u0161\u0107u i njenim nuspojavama od pacijenata koji ne postavljaju pitanja svom onkolo\u0161kom timu. Informiranost daje osje\u0107aj kontrole nad bole\u0161\u0107u, a taj osje\u0107aj je va\u017ean u procesu ozdravljenja. Tra\u017eite od svojih lije\u010dnika i medicinskih sestara da vam pojasne sve \u0161to ne shva\u0107ate. Bilo bi dobro da unaprijed pripremite pitanja prije sastanka kako zbog stresa ne biste zaboravili postaviti neka.<\/p>\n<p>Ponesite bilje\u017enicu u koju \u0107ete bilje\u017eiti odgovore. Ovo su neka od pitanja koja biste trebali postaviti:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-419e067 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"419e067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>\u0160to uzrokuje ovaj oblik raka?<\/li>\n<li>Koje promjene u na\u010dinu \u017eivota trebam napraviti?<\/li>\n<li>Koje su moje mogu\u0107nosti lije\u010denja karcinoma?<\/li>\n<li>\u0160to ako se pojave novi simptomi ili se stari pogor\u0161aju?<\/li>\n<li>U kojem je stadiju moj rak?<\/li>\n<li>Koju su medicinski testovi i postupci neophodni i koliko \u010desto?<\/li>\n<li>Kolike su moje \u0161anse za izlje\u010denje?<\/li>\n<li>Je li rak metastazirao?<\/li>\n<li>Od koga da potra\u017eim emocionalnu, psihi\u010dku ili duhovnu pomo\u0107?<\/li>\n<li>Jesu li tretmani bolni i koje su im nuspojave?<\/li>\n<li>Koliko \u010desto moram primati terapiju?<\/li>\n<li>Koliko dugo traje terapija?<\/li>\n<li>Kako se pripremiti i pona\u0161ati prije, za vrijeme i nakon terapije?<\/li>\n<li>Koje popratne pojave mogu o\u010dekivati i \u0161to mogu u\u010diniti da ih ubla\u017eim?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed56097 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed56097\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b75a45c\" data-id=\"b75a45c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7309765 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7309765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Potra\u017eite podr\u0161ku od svojih bli\u017enjih<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-fb36b07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fb36b07\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-39d2e16\" data-id=\"39d2e16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7f6754 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7f6754\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Podr\u0161ka prijatelja, \u010dlanova obitelji i ostalih bliskih osoba vrlo je va\u017ena u procesu izlje\u010denja.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9780b6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9780b6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podr\u0161ka prijatelja, \u010dlanova obitelji i ostalih bliskih osoba vrlo je va\u017ena u procesu izlje\u010denja. Ne odbijajte ju i ne trudite se sami nositi s pritiskom. Potreban vam je takav oblik \u201eispu\u0161nog ventila\u201c i sasvim je normalno osloniti se na druge u takvoj situaciji. Tako\u0111er, tako \u0107ete olak\u0161ati i svojim bli\u017enjima jer va\u0161e oboljenje djeluje i na va\u0161u okolinu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fb226e\" data-id=\"2fb226e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cea471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6cea471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/senior-people-confronting-alzheimer-disease-Medium-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1494\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/senior-people-confronting-alzheimer-disease-Medium-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/senior-people-confronting-alzheimer-disease-Medium-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/senior-people-confronting-alzheimer-disease-Medium-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/senior-people-confronting-alzheimer-disease-Medium.jpg 1151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9a6750 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9a6750\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f478092\" data-id=\"f478092\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8cb5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af8cb5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Po\u010dnite s mijenjanjem \u017eivotnog stila<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e84b4d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e84b4d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c0e769\" data-id=\"5c0e769\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4deefa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4deefa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/rear-view-senior-sixty-year-old-woman-with-gray-hair-holding-mug-washing-down-sleeping-pill-suffering-from-insomnia-elderly-retired-female-taking-medicine-with-water-sitting-bedroom-Medium-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1496\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/rear-view-senior-sixty-year-old-woman-with-gray-hair-holding-mug-washing-down-sleeping-pill-suffering-from-insomnia-elderly-retired-female-taking-medicine-with-water-sitting-bedroom-Medium-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/rear-view-senior-sixty-year-old-woman-with-gray-hair-holding-mug-washing-down-sleeping-pill-suffering-from-insomnia-elderly-retired-female-taking-medicine-with-water-sitting-bedroom-Medium-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/rear-view-senior-sixty-year-old-woman-with-gray-hair-holding-mug-washing-down-sleeping-pill-suffering-from-insomnia-elderly-retired-female-taking-medicine-with-water-sitting-bedroom-Medium-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/rear-view-senior-sixty-year-old-woman-with-gray-hair-holding-mug-washing-down-sleeping-pill-suffering-from-insomnia-elderly-retired-female-taking-medicine-with-water-sitting-bedroom-Medium.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-daea5f3\" data-id=\"daea5f3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20e0739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20e0739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iako \u0107e Vam se briga o na\u010dinu \u017eivota sada mo\u017eda \u010diniti kao dodatna obaveza, sad je upravo vrijeme da je polako stje\u010dete. Na\u010din \u017eivota ostavlja velik trag na na\u0161e zdravlje pa tako mo\u017ee igrati i bitnu ulogu u ozdravljenju. Promjena \u017eivotnih navika mo\u017ee pospje\u0161iti uspje\u0161nost terapije i ubla\u017eiti nuspojave, a pomo\u0107i \u0107e vam i da se osje\u0107ate bolje. Neki od elemenata na koje se trebate fokusirati su tehnike upravljanja stresom, osiguravanje dovoljne koli\u010dine sna, redovita tjelovje\u017eba, zdrava prehrana i boravak u prirodi. Koristite se relaksacijskim tehnikama kao \u0161to su yoga i vo\u0111ene meditacije. Odvojite dvadesetak minuta dnevno za sebe kako biste odr\u017eali svoje mentalno zdravlje. Poku\u0161ajte si osigurati 7 do 8 sati sna. To tako\u0111er utje\u010de na va\u0161e zdravlje i osje\u0107at \u0107ete se bolje. Rje\u0161avanju problema umora i iscrpljenosti mo\u017ee pripomo\u0107i i tjelovje\u017eba, a uz to \u0107ete se osje\u0107ati sna\u017enije. Razvijte rutinu tjelovje\u017ebe koja odgovara va\u0161im mogu\u0107nostima i kre\u0107ite se \u0161to je vi\u0161e mogu\u0107e. Zdrava prehrana igra osobito va\u017enu ulogu u no\u0161enju s nuspojavama terapija. Konzultirajte se s va\u0161im onkolo\u0161kim timom oko namirnica koje trebate izbaciti ili vi\u0161e konzumirati. Boravak u prirodi pridonosi osje\u0107aju smirenosti i stalo\u017eenosti.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-936b10d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"936b10d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb8ea53\" data-id=\"cb8ea53\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c3c735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c3c735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>sc. Latinka Basara, profesor psihologije<\/li>\n<li>Klini\u010dki psiholog<\/li>\n<li>KLINIKA ZA PLU\u0106NE BOLESTI JORDANOVAC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Koji su simptomi raka plu\u0107a? Simptomi raka plu\u0107a su razli\u010diti i ovise o tome gdje je tumor smje\u0161ten odnosno kuda se pro\u0161irio. Upozoravaju\u0107i znakovi raka plu\u0107a nisu uvijek prisutni, nisu uvijek specifi\u010dni i nije ih uvijek lako identificirati. U do 25% bolesnika s rakom plu\u0107a rak se otkrije slu\u010dajno na RTG snimci plu\u0107a ili CT [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1608","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1608","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1608"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1608\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1639,"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1608\/revisions\/1639"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/2023.govorimoorakupluca.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1608"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}